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泰勒拟合求解渐近线

利用泰勒展开将函数写成"一次函数 + 无穷小"的形式,快速求斜渐近线。

泰勒拟合求解渐近线

一、斜渐近线的通俗理解

x+x \to +\infty 时,若曲线 y=y(x)y = y(x) 与直线 y=ax+by = ax + b “无限接近”,则称 y=ax+by = ax + b 是曲线 y=y(x)y = y(x)x+x \to +\infty 时的斜渐近线(xx \to -\infty 同理)。

即:

limx+[y(x)(ax+b)]=0\lim_{x\to +\infty}[y(x)-(ax+b)]=0

等价于

y(x)=ax+b+o(1)y(x) = ax + b + o(1)

由此可推出:

a=limx+y(x)x,b=limx+[y(x)ax]a = \lim_{x\to +\infty}\frac{y(x)}{x}, \qquad b = \lim_{x\to +\infty}[y(x)-ax]

二、总结

x+x \to +\infty 时,将 y(x)y(x) 泰勒展开为”一次函数 + 无穷小”,则该一次函数就是斜渐近线。

核心标准:若 y=ax+b+o(1)y = ax + b + o(1),则斜渐近线为 y=ax+by = ax + b

做这类题的关键:不要只展开到最高阶,要一直展开到常数项

三、如何展开

以前——x0x \to 0 时:

ex=1+x+x22!+x33!+o(x3)e^x = 1 + x + \frac{x^2}{2!} + \frac{x^3}{3!} + o(x^3)

现在——x+x \to +\infty 时,令 t=1x0t = \dfrac{1}{x} \to 0

e1/x=1+1x+12!1x2+13!1x3+o ⁣(1x3)e^{1/x} = 1 + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{2!}\cdot\frac{1}{x^2} + \frac{1}{3!}\cdot\frac{1}{x^3} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x^3}\right)

同理:

ln ⁣(1+1x)=1x121x2+131x3\ln\!\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right) = \frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{x^2} + \frac{1}{3}\cdot\frac{1}{x^3} - \cdots

例题

例 1

解答题例 1
y=xln ⁣(e+1x)y = x\ln\!\left(e+\frac{1}{x}\right)
解答

先提出 ee

e+1x=e ⁣(1+1ex)    ln ⁣(e+1x)=1+ln ⁣(1+1ex)e + \frac{1}{x} = e\!\left(1 + \frac{1}{ex}\right) \implies \ln\!\left(e+\frac{1}{x}\right) = 1 + \ln\!\left(1+\frac{1}{ex}\right)

x+x \to +\infty 时,ln(1+t)=t+o(t)\ln(1+t) = t + o(t),故

ln ⁣(1+1ex)=1ex+o ⁣(1x)\ln\!\left(1+\frac{1}{ex}\right) = \frac{1}{ex} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)

因此

y=x ⁣[1+1ex+o ⁣(1x)]=x+1e+o(1)y = x\!\left[1 + \frac{1}{ex} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right] = x + \frac{1}{e} + o(1) y=x+1e\boxed{y = x + \frac{1}{e}}

例 2

解答题例 2
y=(2x1)e1/xy = (2x-1)\,e^{1/x}
解答

x+x \to +\infty 时:

e1/x=1+1x+12x2+o ⁣(1x2)e^{1/x} = 1 + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{2x^2} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)

展开到常数项:

y=(2x1) ⁣(1+1x+12x2+o ⁣(1x2))=2x+2+1x11x+o(1)=2x+1+o(1)y = (2x-1)\!\left(1 + \frac{1}{x} + \frac{1}{2x^2} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x^2}\right)\right) = 2x + 2 + \frac{1}{x} - 1 - \frac{1}{x} + o(1) = 2x + 1 + o(1) y=2x+1\boxed{y = 2x + 1}

例 3

解答题例 3
y=x22x+1y = \frac{x^2}{2x+1}
解答

直接做多项式除法:

x22x+1=12x14+14(2x+1)\frac{x^2}{2x+1} = \frac{1}{2}x - \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{4(2x+1)}

因为 14(2x+1)=o(1)\dfrac{1}{4(2x+1)} = o(1),所以

y=12x14+o(1)y = \frac{1}{2}x - \frac{1}{4} + o(1) y=12x14\boxed{y = \frac{1}{2}x - \frac{1}{4}}

例 4

解答题例 4
y=(1+x)3/2xy = \frac{(1+x)^{3/2}}{\sqrt{x}}
解答

注意 (1+x)3/2=x3/2(1+1x)3/2(1+x)^{3/2} = x^{3/2}\left(1+\dfrac{1}{x}\right)^{3/2},故

y=(1+x)3/2x1/2=x3/2(1+1x)3/2x1/2=x(1+1x)3/2y = \frac{(1+x)^{3/2}}{x^{1/2}} = \frac{x^{3/2}\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{3/2}}{x^{1/2}} = x\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{3/2}

x+x \to +\infty 时,(1+t)3/2=1+32t+o(t)(1+t)^{3/2} = 1 + \dfrac{3}{2}t + o(t),故

(1+1x)3/2=1+32x+o ⁣(1x)\left(1+\frac{1}{x}\right)^{3/2} = 1 + \frac{3}{2x} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)

因此

y=x ⁣[1+32x+o ⁣(1x)]=x+32+o(1)y = x\!\left[1 + \frac{3}{2x} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right] = x + \frac{3}{2} + o(1) y=x+32\boxed{y = x + \frac{3}{2}}

例 5

解答题例 5
y=x ⁣(1+arcsin1x)y = x\!\left(1 + \arcsin\frac{1}{x}\right)
解答

x+x \to +\infty 时,arcsint=t+o(t)\arcsin t = t + o(t),故

arcsin1x=1x+o ⁣(1x)\arcsin\frac{1}{x} = \frac{1}{x} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)

因此

y=x ⁣(1+1x+o ⁣(1x))=x+1+o(1)y = x\!\left(1 + \frac{1}{x} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right) = x + 1 + o(1) y=x+1\boxed{y = x + 1}

例 6

解答题例 6
y=xln ⁣(e+1x1)y = x\ln\!\left(e + \frac{1}{x-1}\right)
解答

先提出 ee

e+1x1=e ⁣(1+1e(x1))    ln ⁣(e+1x1)=1+ln ⁣(1+1e(x1))e + \frac{1}{x-1} = e\!\left(1 + \frac{1}{e(x-1)}\right) \implies \ln\!\left(e+\frac{1}{x-1}\right) = 1 + \ln\!\left(1+\frac{1}{e(x-1)}\right)

x+x \to +\infty 时:

ln ⁣(1+1e(x1))=1e(x1)+o ⁣(1x)\ln\!\left(1+\frac{1}{e(x-1)}\right) = \frac{1}{e(x-1)} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)

因此

y=x ⁣[1+1e(x1)+o ⁣(1x)]=x+xe(x1)+o(1)y = x\!\left[1 + \frac{1}{e(x-1)} + o\!\left(\frac{1}{x}\right)\right] = x + \frac{x}{e(x-1)} + o(1)

注意

xe(x1)=1e+1e(x1)=1e+o(1)\frac{x}{e(x-1)} = \frac{1}{e} + \frac{1}{e(x-1)} = \frac{1}{e} + o(1)

y=x+1e+o(1)y = x + \frac{1}{e} + o(1) y=x+1e\boxed{y = x + \frac{1}{e}}

总结答案

题号函数斜渐近线
1xln ⁣(e+1x)x\ln\!\left(e+\dfrac{1}{x}\right)y=x+1ey = x + \dfrac{1}{e}
2(2x1)e1/x(2x-1)\,e^{1/x}y=2x+1y = 2x + 1
3x22x+1\dfrac{x^2}{2x+1}y=12x14y = \dfrac{1}{2}x - \dfrac{1}{4}
4(1+x)3/2x\dfrac{(1+x)^{3/2}}{\sqrt{x}}y=x+32y = x + \dfrac{3}{2}
5x ⁣(1+arcsin1x)x\!\left(1+\arcsin\dfrac{1}{x}\right)y=x+1y = x + 1
6xln ⁣(e+1x1)x\ln\!\left(e+\dfrac{1}{x-1}\right)y=x+1ey = x + \dfrac{1}{e}
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